Race and Multiraciality in Brazil and the United States: Converging Paths? |
Race and Multiraciality in Brazil and the United States: Converging Paths?
Pennsylvania State University Press
2006
384 pages
6 x 9
Cloth ISBN: 978-0-271-02883-5
Paper ISBN: 978-0-271-03288-7
G. Reginald Daniel, Professor of Sociology
University of California at Santa Barbara
Although both Brazil and the United States inherited European norms that accorded whites privileged status relative to all other racial groups, the development of their societies followed different trajectories in defining white/black relations. In Brazil pervasive miscegenation and the lack of formal legal barriers to racial equality gave the appearance of its being a “racial democracy,” with a ternary system of classifying people into whites (brancos), multiracial individuals (pardos), and blacks (pretos) supporting the idea that social inequality was primarily associated with differences in class and culture rather than race. In the United States, by contrast, a binary system distinguishing blacks from whites by reference to the “one-drop rule” of African descent produced a more rigid racial hierarchy in which both legal and informal barriers operated to create socioeconomic disadvantages for blacks.
But in recent decades, Reginald Daniel argues in this comparative study, changes have taken place in both countries that have put them on “converging paths.” Brazil’s black consciousness movement stresses the binary division between brancos and negros to heighten awareness of and mobilize opposition to the real racial discrimination that exists in Brazil, while the multiracial identity movement in the U.S. works to help develop a more fluid sense of racial dynamics that was long felt to be the achievement of Brazil’s ternary system.
Against the historical background of race relationsin Brazil and the U.S. that he traces in Part I of the book, including a review of earlier challenges to their respective racial orders, Daniel focuses in Part II on analyzing the new racial project on which each country has embarked, with attention to all the political possibilities and dangers they involve.
Table of Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Part I. The Historical Foundation
- 1. Eurocentrism: Racial Formation and the Master Racial Project
- 2. The Brazilian Path: The Ternary Racial Project
- 3. The Brazilian Path Less Traveled: Contesting the Ternary Racial Project
- 4. The U.S. Path: The Binary Racial Project
- 5. The U.S. Path Less Traveled: Contesting the Binary Racial Project
- Part II. Converging Paths
- 6. A New U.S. Racial Order: The Demise of Jim Crow Segregation
- 7. A New Brazilian Racial Order: A Decline in the Racial Democracy Ideology
- 8. The U.S. Convergence: Toward the Brazilian Path
- 9. The Brazilian Convergence: Toward the U.S. Path
- Epilogue: The U.S. and Brazilian Racial Orders: Changing Points of Reference
- Notes
- References
- Index